Interesting Facts About Restoration Comedy

Interesting Facts About Restoration Comedy Among the many sub-genres of comedy is  the comedy of manners, or restoration comedy,  which originated in France with Molià ¨res Les Precieuses Ridicules (1658). Molià ¨re used this comic form to correct social absurdities.   In England, the comedy of manners is represented by the plays of William Wycherley, George Etherege, William Congreve,  and George Farquhar. This form was later classed old comedy but is now known as restoration comedy because it coincided with Charles IIs return to England. The main goal of these comedies of manners was to mock or scrutinize society. This allowed the audience to laugh at themselves and society. Marriage and the Game of Love One of the major themes of restoration comedy is marriage and the game of love. But if marriage is a mirror of society, the couples in the plays show something very dark and sinister about order. Many critiques of marriage in the comedies are devastating. Although the endings are happy and the man gets the woman, we see marriages without love and love affairs that are rebellious breaks with tradition. William Wycherleys Country Wife In Wycherleys Country Wife, the marriage between Margery and Bud Pinchwife represents a hostile union  between an older man and a young woman. The Pinchwifes are the focal point of the play, and Margerys affair with Horner only adds to the humor. Horner cuckolds all of the husbands while pretending to be a eunuch. This causes the women to flock to him. Horner is a master at the game of love, though he is emotionally impotent. The relationships in the play are dominated by jealousy or cuckoldry. In Act IV, scene ii., Mr. Pinchwife says, So, tis plain she loves him, yet she has not love enough to make her conceal it from me; but the sight of him will increase her aversion for me and love for him, and that love instruct her how to deceive me and satisfy him, all idiot as she is. He wants her to be unable to deceive him. But even in her obvious innocence, he doesnt believe she is. To him, every woman came out of natures hands plain, open, silly, and fit for slaves, as she and Heaven intended em. He also believes women are more lustful and devilish than men. Mr. Pinchwife isnt especially bright, but in his jealousy, he becomes a dangerous character,  thinking Margery conspired to cuckold him. He is correct, but if hed known the truth, he would have killed her in his madness. As it is, when she disobeys him, he says, Once more write as Id have you, and question it not, or I will spoil thy writing with this. [Holding up the penknife.] I will stab out those eyes that cause my mischief. He doesnt ever hit her or stab her in the play (such actions wouldnt make a very good comedy), but Mr. Pinchwife continually locks Margery in the closet, calls her names, and in all other ways, acts like a brute. Because of his abusive nature, Margerys affair is no  surprise. In fact, it is accepted as a social norm, along with Horners promiscuity. In the end, Margery learning to lie is expected because the idea has already been set up when Mr. Pinchwife voices his fears that if she loved Horner more, she would conceal it from him. With this, social order is restored. Man of Mode The theme of the restoration of order in love and marriage continues in Ethereges Man of Mode (1676). Dorimant and Harriet are immersed in the game of love. Although it seems obvious that the couple is destined to be together, an obstacle is placed in Dorimants way by Harriets mother, Mrs. Woodville. She  has arranged for her to marry Young Bellair, who already has his eye on Emilia. Threatened with the possibility of being disinherited, Young Bellair and Harriet pretend to accept the idea, while Harriet and Dorimant go at it in their battle of wits. An element of tragedy is added to the equation as Mrs. Loveit comes into the picture, breaking her fans and acting hysterically. The fans, which were supposed to hide a flush of passion or embarrassment, no longer offer her any protection. She is defenseless against Dorimants cruel words and the all too realistic facts of life; there can be no doubt that she is a tragic side effect of the game of love. Having long since lost interest in her, Dorimant continues to lead her on, giving her hope  but leaving her in despair. In the end, her  unrequited love  brings her ridicule, teaching society that if you are going to play at the game of love, youd better be prepared to get hurt. Indeed, Loveit comes to the realization that Theres nothing but falsehood and impertinence in this world. All men are villains or fools, before she parades out. By the end of the play, we see one marriage, as expected, but it is between Young Bellair and Emilia, who broke with tradition by marrying secretly, without Old Bellairs consent. But in a comedy, all must be forgiven, which  Old Bellair does. While Harriet sinks into a depressing mood, thinking of her lonely house in the country and the poignant noise of the rooks, Dorimant admits his love to her, saying The first time I saw you, you left me with the pangs of love upon me; and this day my soul has quite given up her liberty. Congreves The Way of the World (1700) In Congreves The Way of the World (1700), the trend of restoration continues, but marriage becomes more about contractual agreements and greed  than love. Millamant and Mirabell iron out a prenuptial agreement before they marry. Then Millamant, for an instant, seems willing to marry her cousin Sir Willful, so that she can keep her money. Sex in Congreve, Mr. Palmer says, is a battle of the wits. It is not a battlefield of emotions.   Its comical to see the two wits going at it, but when we look deeper, there is seriousness behind their words. After they list conditions, Mirabell says, These provisos admitted, in other things I may prove a tractable and complying husband. Love may be the basis of their relationship, as Mirabell appears honest; however, their alliance is a sterile romance, devoid of the touchy, feely stuff, which we hope for in a courtship. Mirabell and Millamant are two wits perfect for each other in the battle of the sexes; nevertheless, the pervading sterility and greed reverberates as the relationship between the two wits becomes much more confusing.   Confusion and deception are the way of the world, but compared to The Country Wife and earlier drama, Congreves play shows a different kind of chaosone marked with contracts and greed instead of the hilarity and mix-up of Horner and other rakes. The evolution of society, as mirrored by the plays themselves,  is apparent. The Rover The apparent change in society becomes more explicit as we look at  Aphra Behns play, The Rover (1702). She borrowed almost all of the plot and many details from Thomaso, or the Wanderer, written by Behns old friend, Thomas Killigrew; however, this fact does not diminish the quality of the play. In The Rover, Behn addresses the issues that are of primary concern to herlove and marriage. This play is a comedy of intrigue and isnt set in England as the others play on this list have been. Instead, the action is set in Naples, Italy, during Carnival, an exotic setting, which takes the audience away from the familiar as a sense of alienation pervades the play. The games of love, here, involve Florinda, destined to marry an old, rich man  or her brothers friend. Theres also Belville, a young gallant who rescues her and wins her heart, along with Hellena, Florindas sister, and Willmore, a young rake who falls in love with her. There are no adult s present throughout the play, though Florindas brother is an authority figure, blocking her from a marriage of love. Ultimately, though, even the brother doesnt have much to say in the matter. The women Florinda and Hellena take the situation pretty much into their own hands, deciding what they want. This is, after all, a play written by a woman. And  Aphra Behn  was not just any woman. She was one of the first women to make a living as a writer, which was quite a feat in her day. Behn was also known for her escapades as a spy and other nefarious activities. Drawing upon her own experience and rather revolutionary ideas, Behn creates female characters who are very different from any in previous period plays. She also addresses the threat of violence toward women, such as rape. This is a much darker view of society than the other playwrights created. The plot was further complicated when Angelica Bianca enters the picture, providing us with a searing indictment against society and the state of moral decay. When Willmore breaks his oath of love to her by falling in love with Helena, she goes crazy, brandishing a pistol and threatening to kill him. Willmore admits his inconstancy, saying, Broke my Vows? Why, where hast thou lived? Amongst the gods! For I never heard of mortal man that has not broke a thousand vows. He is an interesting representation of the careless and callous gallant of the Restoration, concerned mainly with his own pleasures and not interested in whom he hurts along the way. In the end, all of the conflicts are resolved with prospective marriages and released from the threat of marriage to an old man or the church. Willmore closes the last scene by saying, Egad, thourt a brave girl, and I admire thy love and courage. Lead on; no other dangers they can dread/ Who ventured in the storms o th marriage bed. The Beaux Stratagem   Looking at The Rover, it is not hard to make a leap to  George Farquhars play, The Beaux Stratagem (1707).  In this play, he presents a terrible indictment on love and marriage. He depicts Mrs. Sullen as a frustrated wife, trapped in a marriage with no escape in sight (at least not at first). Characterized as a hate-hate relationship, the Sullens do not even have mutual respect to base their union on. Then, it was difficult, if not impossible to get a divorce; and, even if Mrs. Sullen managed to divorce, she would have been destitute because all of her money belonged to her husband. Her plight seems hopeless as she answers her sister-in-laws You must have Patience, with, Patience! the Cant of CustomProvidence sends no Evil without a Remedyshoud I lie groaning under a Yoke I can shake off, I were accessory to my Ruin, and my Patience were no better than self-Murder. Mrs. Sullen is a tragic figure when we see her as wife to an ogre, but she is comical as she plays at love with Archer. In The Beaux Stratagem, though, Farquhar shows himself to be a transitional figure when he introduces the contractual elements of the play. The Sullen marriage ends in divorce, and the traditional comic resolution is still kept intact with the announcement of the marriage of Aimwell and Dorinda. Of course, Aimwells intent was to woe Dorinda into marrying him so that he could squander her money. In that respect, at least the play compares with Behns The Rover and Congreves The Way of the World; but in the end, Aimwell says,  Such Goodness who coud injure; I find myself unequal to the task of Villain; she has gaind my Soul, and made it honest like her own; I cannot, cannot hurt her. Aimwells statement shows a marked change in his character. We can suspend disbelief as he tells Dorinda, Im a Lie, nor dare I give a Fiction to your Arms; Im all Counterfeit except my Passion. Its another happy ending! Sheridans The School for Scandal Richard Brinsley Sheridans play The School for Scandal (1777) marks a shift from the plays discussed above. Much of this change is due to a falling away of the Restoration values into a different kind of restoration where a new morality comes into play. Here, the bad are punished and the good are rewarded, and appearance doesnt fool anyone for long, especially when the long lost guardian, Sir Oliver, comes home to discover all. In the Cain and Abel scenario, Cain, a part played by Joseph Surface, is exposed as being an ungrateful hypocrite and Abel, a part played by Charles Surface, is really not that bad after all (all blame is  placed on his brother). And the virtuous young maidenMariawas right in her love, though she obeyed her fathers orders to refuse any further contact with Charles until he was vindicated. Also  interesting is that Sheridan does not create affairs between the characters of his play. Lady Teazle was willing to cuckold Sir Peter with Joseph until she learns the genuineness of his love. She realizes the error of her ways, repents and, when discovered, tells all and is forgiven.  There is nothing  realistic about the play, but its intent is much more moral than any of the earlier comedies. Wrapping Up Though these Restoration plays broach similar themes, the methods and the outcomes are completely different. This shows how much more conservative England had become by the late 18th century. Also as time moved forward, the emphasis changed from cuckoldry and the aristocracy to marriage as a contractual agreement and eventually to the sentimental comedy. Throughout, we see a restoration of social order in various forms.

How to Read and Write Files in Perl

How to Read and Write Files in Perl Perl is an ideal language for working with files. It has the basic capability of any shell script and advanced tools, such as regular expressions, that make it useful. In order to work with Perl files, you first need to learn how to read and write to them. Reading a file is done in Perl by opening a filehandle to a specific resource. Reading a File in Perl In order to work with the example in this article, youll need a file for the Perl script to read. Create a new text document called  data.txt  and place it in the same directory as the Perl program below. In the file itself, just type in a few names - one per line: When you run the script, the output should be the same as the file itself. The script is simply opening the specified file and looping through it line by line, printing each line as it goes. Next, create a filehandle called MYFILE, open it, and point it at the  data.txt file. Then use a simple while loop to automatically read each line of the data file one at a time. This places the value of each line in the temporary variable $_ for one loop. Inside the loop, use the chomp function to clear off the newlines from the end of each line and then print the value of $_ to show that it was read. Finally, close the filehandle to finish out the program. Writing to a File in Perl Take the same data file you worked with while learning to read a file in Perl. This time, you will write to it. To write to a file in Perl, you must open a filehandle and point it at the file youre writing. If youre using Unix, Linux or a Mac, you might also need to double-check your file permissions to see if your Perl script is allowed to write to the data file. If you run this program and then run the program from the previous section on reading a file in Perl, youll see that it added one more name to the list. In fact, every time you run the program, it adds another Bob to the end of the file. This is happening because the file was opened in  append  mode. To open a file in append mode, just prefix the filename with the  Ã‚  symbol. This tells the open function that you want to write to the file by tacking more onto the end of it. If  instead,  you want to overwrite the existing file with a new one, you use the  Ã‚  single greater than symbol to tell the open function that you want a fresh file each time. Try replacing the with a and you see that the data.txt file is cut down to a single name - Bob - each time you run the program. Next, use the print function to print the new name to the file. You print to a filehandle by following the print statement with the filehandle. Finally, close the filehandle to finish out the program.

Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Theories - Essay Example This philosophy formed a basis for Liberalism and Libertarianism. The opponents say that it’s impossible to determine true parameters for measuring and comparing human happiness among people. While the pleasure of the sadist is viewed as having equal value to the pleasure of the altruist, the suffering of others would offset any derived pleasure for the sadist; it’s superficial, temporary. It takes awhile to evaluate the pros and cons of an action so that while we can’t know the total picture immediately, enough of the consequences of an action are usually known so as to avoid the most pain for most people. This approach only views the end results of actions as opposed to the original intentions. Kantianism was developed by Immanuel Kant in the 1700s. He is considered one of the forefathers of philosophy of the mind and epistemology. His predecessors, Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolf, along with Rene Descartes were attempting to find a rational way to approac h beliefs about God without all the emotionalism of religion. He asserts that people act on their beliefs which are deeply held underlying principles; human beings are basically rational and the world is full of uncontrollable events, therefore rationality is the ultimate good. Rational beliefs should be universalized. It is the original intention of an action that determines its value, as acts themselves should be performed for their inherent value, not for the consequences they produce. His work is divided into four categories: 1) pure theoretical reason, 2) practical reason and ethics, 3) aesthetics and teology, and 4) rational religion. The problem with Kantianism is that there is no single rule that is applicable in every situation to characterize an action; it doesn’t have a way to resolve conflicts between rules. There is no room for aberrancy with regards to moral laws. It didn’t take into consideration the feelings of the human, only the rational thought proce sses. Social Contract Theory has been around since Socrates, although Thomas Hobbs is considered the modern founder in the middle 1600s. His proponents, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, later expounded on his theory to formulate much broader politically applicable social theories. In essence, it is the belief that individuals in their natural state come together to form a mutually consensual agreement where they agree to limit themselves and their behavior to that which is beneficial to the governance of all. We are self-interested beings, which in our natural state of being, are governed only by our own sense of personal power and conscience. It formed a theory of why we need government in order to remain civilized, the people give up some rights in order to benefit from a greater social order. Opponents assert that while it outlines our rights and obligations as people in the whole community of mankind, it doesn’t allow for explaining the full human experience in terms of psychology and motivation. It depends on the greater consensus of the group to determine how the whole group will be treated without respect for individuality or human considerations. If the majority of the group is consensual with a particular limit of some sort, then the whole society is bound by that same limit. It violates contractual theory in that contracts require all interested parties to agree to the contract, not just the majority. Divine Command Theory has been a

Business Strategy - Collaborating to achieve Corporate Social Research Paper

Business Strategy - Collaborating to achieve Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability - Research Paper Example It is important that every sector of the society must co-operate with business to find solutions to such profound and complex challenges. Collaboration is the co-operation and co-ordination that is necessary between all business, government and non-government organisations to cope with all such challenges. It is a situation where people work towards attaining a wider goal beyond the boundaries of an organisation. Keeping in view the responsibility towards the economic development of the society, collaboration and partnership between different organisations seem to be more logical manner to maintain the flow of development. Collaboration can have the advantages of â€Å"improved access to resources, sharing of risk, increased efficiency, co-ordination and seamlessness† between different organisations and institutions (Murray et al 166). Collaboration is also imperative because it is not possible for a single organisation to deal with moral problems of the society like â€Å"po verty, crime and drug abuse†. Collaboration can take place between business organisations and governments or between governments and NGOs to address various social issues. Companies may often collaborate with governments and NGOs with the purpose of learning from their partners for their benefits and also for the benefits of the partnership. In the framing of the structure of the collaborations, the organizations should be careful in choosing a collaboration which would meet the objective of the CSR of the organization. In building the collaboration, special emphasis should be provided to maintain relationship between the units with which the business houses are collaborating. Various strategies also have been framed for the better utilization of the collaboration process (Murray et al 161-174). Every organization is responsible to the society and its

Personal Goal Essay Example for Free

Personal Goal Essay My purpose for seeking a Doctorate Degree in Educational Leadership is to expand my knowledge of theory and research methods as it pertains to education Being a seasoned professional in the field of education as a Master Teacher for fifteen years, and having been exposed to different challenges in teaching the learners and leading the school, I had this profound realization on the critical tasks of education in this age of globalization. The way schools are led and managed is changing. The types of school leaders and governing bodies that exist today are far more diverse than they once were; and they will continue to develop given the fast-paced movement of modern technology which affects how people and society evolve nowadays. Hence, this complexity calls for leaders with exemplary leadership style that are worth emulating for others so as to make a real distinction in the lives of many people, not only in a community, but for the country, as a whole. Educational leadership and management as a field of inquiry play a significant role in the improvement of schools; leveraging learning outcomes; and enhancing instructional competence of students. In schools, high performance rating and high literacy rates among their clienteles connotes success in one’s governance in education, thus, in making relevance to the system, educational leaders need to exercise certain leadership models that are truly manifesting merit in order to achieve its goals. And I think I already have what it takes to become a leader who can have the knowledge and skills to make these goals a reality.

Literary Essay on “in the Kitchen” by Henry Louis Gates, “Am I Blue” by

The meaning of segregation is a disliking matter, all African Americans wanted was equal rights, no harm against them, and to be seen as one. Yet, the African race had to endure on changing their appearance, being compared to animals, and having to alter public space just to try and fit in with the white community. Hearing stories of those such as Henry Louis Gates and Brent Staples shows us how history can repeat slightly from the past. Indeed, African Americans would try and transform their hair, going from kinky to strait. In Henry Louis Gates, an American Literary critic, short story â€Å"In the Kitchen† (1994), informs the reader the politics of â€Å"good hair which is straight and bad hair which is kinky (314),† The title â€Å"In the Kitchen† is ambiguous meaning it has a double meaning. One meaning it is being in a three dimensional room, and the other meaning doing hair. Gates uses process analysis to give reader a vivid picture on how the African Americans endure on the difficult process of straightening their kinks, just to fit in with the white society. Given details on how African Americans would change their appearance just to try fit in with the white culture. According to Alice walker, she gives examples on how no matter what African Americans do to change their appearance as far as hair, African Americans will still be compared and objectified to animals. Laster 2 Additionally, In Alice Walker, an American Author, short story â€Å"Am I Blue† she persuades the reader to be sympathetic to animals and to show how similar animals and humans are. Alice Walker also gives examples on how sl... ... In conclusion, segregation is how separation was between groups of race is a dreadful situation. African Americans wanted no harm, they wanted be able to share the same places such as restrooms. The black community tried to change the way they looked, sound, or objectify to animals. African Americans are being seen as a negative light, because of the skin color, hair, and where we come from. Works Cited "In the Kitchen" Analysis"  StudyMode.com. 11 2010. 2010. 11 2010 . Walker, Alice. Am I Blue? Clouse, Barbara Fine. Patterns of a Purpose 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2011. Print Staples, Brent. Just Walk on By: A Black Man Ponders his power to Alter Public Space. Clouse, Barbara Fine. Patterns of a Purpose 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2011. Print

Compare and Contrast the Techniques Used by Bronte in Describing Thornfiled Hall in Chapter 11, with those used by Woolf in Describing London

Jane Eyre's tone is both gothic and romantic, often conjuring an atmosphere of mystery and secrecy. Her description of Thornfield in chapter 11, is very Victorian and thorough, which draws us into the novel. On page 122 of Chapter 11, when approaching the third floor, Jane uses a visual first person narrative text. When Bronte writes, â€Å"Mrs Fairfax stayed behind a moment to fasten the trap-door†, she is giving us an aspect of ambiguity, the word ‘fasten' emphasises the refusal of entry. The description of the staircase in Thornfield Hall illustrates the rigid and constricted atmosphere, as they are described as ‘the narrow garret staircase'. Bronte uses alliteration when stating, â€Å"lingered in the long passage†, to emphasise the description of her movement in the surroundings. The phrase ‘separating' used in the passage exemplifies the secrecy within Thornfield, which also intrigues us. The use of semicolons and commas in the passage, adds to the appeal of Thornifield, illustrated when Bronte writes, â€Å"the third story; narrow, low, and dim†. These techniques disrupt the flow of the sentence to show the fascination and anxiety that she has for the attic. This allows the structure of the sentence to be sharp, with short gaps to keep the reader curious and interested. The depiction of the building demonstrates the typical Victorian accommodation, of small, gothic and narrow appearance. Furthermore, the conclusive text of the ‘little window at the far end' shows the isolation within Thornfield, as light can barely enter the house. Bronte shows the seclusion in addition to this, as Jane says â€Å"with its two rows of small black doors†. The technique of colour imagery used here, exemplifies the obscurity and secrecy, which adds to the suspense of Thornfield. In Jane, Bronte gives us a detailed description of the events that occur in her life. Despite these Gothic elements, Jane's personality is friendly and the tone is also affectionate and confessional. Her unflagging spirit and opinionated nature further infuse the book with high energy and suspense. Mrs Dalloway is written in the first person narrative and so all her images are also very thorough. The dialect used by Woolf is very energetic and visual. This is immediately demonstrated on the first page, as Woolf uses onomatopoeic terms such as â€Å"What a lark! What a plunge! † The use of exclamation marks also illustrates the exuberant atmosphere in London. The opening paragraph is also heavily punctuated, but the technique used by Woolf is less symbolic in contrast to Jane Eyre. We get a great image of the frantic and constructive lifestyle Mrs Dalloway has in London, as Woolf uses terms such as ‘traffic' and ‘solemnity'. The dialect is very active in comparison to Jane Eyre, as the onomatopoeic image of Big Ben is described as â€Å"There! Out it boomed†. Here Woolf is utilising heavy sounding terms, to attract the reader into the novel and to allow us to appreciate all the elements of London city. The long sentences used by Woolf and constant repetitive descriptions anchor the dialect in the novel and help hold the prose down. Woolf also frequently uses semi-colons rather than commas in Mrs Dalloway, to break the language and interpretation of the novel down, to prevent an easy and fluent read. This is illustrated when Woolf writes, â€Å"and swinging; brass bands; barrel organs; in the triumph†¦ nd the strange high singing of some aeroplane overhead was what she loved; life; London;† The tone that Woolf takes is very sensitive in contrast to the solid language used by Bronte. Woolf has a poetic rhythm in her prose, illustrated when she writes, â€Å"there was a beating, a stirring of galloping ponies, tapping at cricket bats†. The consistent use of this sound imagery, also exemplifies the typical buoyant London atmosphere. In contrast to Jane Eyre, Woolf uses a positive colour imagery to show the attractive London environment, when writing â€Å"soft mesh of the grey-blue morning air†. Furthermore when entering the park, Woolf uses a technique of alliteration, to show the contrasting atmosphere of London city, to the park when writing â€Å"the slow-swimming happy ducks†. A more calming and subtle dialect is now used, in comparison to Jane Eyre, where Bronte uses a sharper and more emotional tone. The main contrasts between the two novels are the different use of punctuation in each. Woolf's Mrs Dalloway, although heavily punctuated, employs a more simple style. The descriptions, although very thorough, are basic to interpret, to compliment the simple imagery used. However Bronte uses the technique of punctuation in Jane Eyre, to compliment Jane's feelings. Though both novels use similar techniques of punctuation, Bronte's utilises this aspect to compliment her novel more, which adds to the element of suspense and mystery. This intrigues the reader and allows us to feel Jane's emotions at the current time. The technique and punctuation that Woolf' uses, helps to elevate the environment of London and help create a very expressive novel, which concentrates more on the surroundings.

Contemporary Sociological Theory

Contemporary Sociological Theory Final Exam Jurgen Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action sought to explain this contemporary sociological thinker’s ideas on system and the life-world. The meaning of this â€Å"life-world† for Habermas, meant: one’s own personal space, including personal identity and consciousness. â€Å"It is the lived realm of informal, culturally-grounded understandings and mutual accommodations. † (Wikipedia) The life-world goes on to function through norms and beliefs of the society. Everyone in the society plays their role, which is based on their personal identity, and the society goes on functioning as a system.The system includes a chain of commands dealing with politics, economics, etc. Consequently, this leads to a colonization of the life-world. The system is an impersonal structure that entails organization and functionality. Because it is based on functions within social, educational and environmental policies, as we ll as markets (Parsons’ AGIL), there must be a form of order for it to run smoothly. The political institutions do not allow the individual to just think of himself, it essentially leaves a demand for all to work together as a whole.The life-world is based more on happiness and order within. When the functions of the system and life-world collide the life-world becomes colonized. Things are harder to be rationalized within the system because barriers are formed in the lines of communication. The struggle to please one’s own self and the need for order in the political realm causes a conflict of interest in modern society. The two entities are becoming rationalized as both continue to evolve. The life-world will continue to be hindered as the system continues to block lines of communication.As modern society goes on, the struggle within one’s self and the need to continually stabilize society will eventually cause a greater problem that will require further resea rch beyond that of Jurgen Habermas. 4. In Michael Foucault’s Discipline & Punish, he sought to explain his theory of surveillance within contemporary society. He does this by using the idea of the Panopticon as an example. The panopticon is a structure, created by Jeremy Bentham, which is built in a way that allows all angles to be easily viewed.The design, which is a circular, spherical building, allows those conducting the surveillance to see everything without having to worry about corners and non visible spots. The subjects that are being viewed never actually know when they are being specifically watched due to the construction of the building. It is also built so that the viewer cannot be easily seen. This structure is mainly existent in prisons but can also be used within schools, factories and military structures. Surveillance is defined as being the â€Å"continual observation of a person or group, especially on suspected of doing something illegal. (Encarta Diction ary) The most obvious example would be in the prison system where prisoners are being watched by prison wardens and guards. Cameras are set up at ever imaginable angle to monitor the behavior of the inmates. These cameras are active 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, recording every move of every prisoner. Furthermore, if the guard were to stand in the middle of the panopticon, he would also be able to view all angles easily without too much movement. Foulcault formulated his theory of contemporary society, in relation to the panopticon. The idea of total surveillance represents power in society.The individual is constantly being watched which consequently alters their behavior. Because the surveillance is constant and unknown, we develop a state of paranoia within ourselves and never feel completely alone unless we are absolutely sure that we are in a private space. Foulcault’s interpretation extends to the acts of the government: â€Å"The role of legislation allows the means of authority to spread without need for one central authority figure. This advocates the self monitoring society which in essence is panopticism. † (Gieser) It is said that because the government is seen as the overseer.We, the citizens, develop our own sense of self-surveillance that in turn, satisfies the surveillance tactic. Foucault felt that this panoptic ordeal â€Å"dehumanize[d] and strip[ped] the population of their power†. (Gieser) Thus, it leaves us with no actual sense of normalcy and security. 5. The idea of culture industry was created by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer of the Frankfurt School. Culture industry is simply the use of manufactured goods in pop culture to influence society, thus causing society to be passive and not worrying about economical woes.Society develops unnecessary wants and needs while capitalism is masked and flourishing. This form of culture molds the idea of what’s important to society through mass production and ignores what works for the individual. Thus, a sense of uniqueness is lost. The Frankfurt School felt that this was an important way of trying to understand modern capitalist society because it was clearly going in that direction, at the time and now. Karl Marx inspired these beliefs through his own works and encouraged the Frankfurt School to expose capitalists.They did this by using ancient examples that proved that these frivolous items being praised were only there to mask the fact that we, the people were being manipulated and controlled. Exposing society to the control was supposed to encourage them to break free and regain their senses of self. The focus was on capitalism because it was strengthening its hold onto society at a constant rate. Adorno felt that through exposing these capitalist tactics, the cycle would reverse, causing individuals to gain there personality back, but that did not happen.Capitalism has only flourished and become more severe. Modern society is evolving an d as that happens; more capitalist tactics are being created. Thus culture industry is doing nothing but becoming stronger. The Frankfurt School took the time out to enlighten the masses but despite the fact, capitalism prevails. References Geiser, Brenton. All Eyes on You. â€Å"Surveillance (n. )†. Encarta Online Dictionary. Dec. 14, 2007. http://encarta. msn. com/dictionary_1861717276/surveillance. html http://www. wikipedia. com

Free Essays on The Characteristics Of An Ideal Student At ITT

An Ideal student is a student that shows up to class on time and does what is expected of him or her to do during that day. This student will also turn in all homework in on time and not a minute late and he or she will not let most things get in the way of study time (most of the time). An ideal student also gets along with his or her other Peers and tries to help them when needed or asked. An ideal student will even go out of his or her way to help fellow students with homework and studding for tests and finals. Her or she is a straight A student and thrives for nothing less always wanting to better themselves. Now the dress of an ideal student is in a proper manner, things like slacks or jeans with a nice dress or pullover style shirt for the men and for the women it can be the same attire. You might even say that the ideal student is the one that everyone wants to be like and works hard to maintain that image. Also he or she wouldn’t have any problems taking their hat off in the class or building when asked to take them off. The ideal student will always be polite and show kindness to all teachers and other students no mater what they are studying. This student also has the up most respect for all factuality. This is my definition of a ideal student. This is what I am going to start thriving for in the quarters to come.... Free Essays on The Characteristics Of An Ideal Student At ITT Free Essays on The Characteristics Of An Ideal Student At ITT An Ideal student is a student that shows up to class on time and does what is expected of him or her to do during that day. This student will also turn in all homework in on time and not a minute late and he or she will not let most things get in the way of study time (most of the time). An ideal student also gets along with his or her other Peers and tries to help them when needed or asked. An ideal student will even go out of his or her way to help fellow students with homework and studding for tests and finals. Her or she is a straight A student and thrives for nothing less always wanting to better themselves. Now the dress of an ideal student is in a proper manner, things like slacks or jeans with a nice dress or pullover style shirt for the men and for the women it can be the same attire. You might even say that the ideal student is the one that everyone wants to be like and works hard to maintain that image. Also he or she wouldn’t have any problems taking their hat off in the class or building when asked to take them off. The ideal student will always be polite and show kindness to all teachers and other students no mater what they are studying. This student also has the up most respect for all factuality. This is my definition of a ideal student. This is what I am going to start thriving for in the quarters to come....

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The Language of Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Language of Fashion - Essay Example The paper "The Language of Fashion" talks about the language of the fashion and describes the portrait of The Arnolfini Wedding. The two people in the portrait are richly dressed up, despite the season their outer garments shows the linings of fur and laces. These furs appear of expensive variety. The man in the picture is shown wearing a hat of plaited straw dyed black. The tabard, he is wearing is faded purple and underneath he wears doublet of patterned material probably silk damask. The women dress is equally immaculate with elaborate dagging (cloth folded and sewn together, then cut and frayed decoratively) on her sleeves and long train. Her blue under dress is also trimmed with white fur. The renaissance women have special love for jewels and gems but the lady in the portrait is adorning only a plain gold chain with plain gold earrings. A look at the room shows pristine interiors, another sign of wealth on display, the brass chandelier is huge and elaborate .The convex mirror a t the back with the wooden frame and scenes of The Passion appears to be larger than the usual mirrors used during the age, another sign of wealth. A further sign of luxury appears in the bed linings and hangings. The chair and the table placed against the wall shows exquisite carvings. The oriental carpet on the floor also represents the rich taste of this merchant. It is not unusual to see this limitless display of wealth among the rich middle class of that time. The rich style and fashion is evident.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 89

Journal - Essay Example e use of the term â€Å"nigger† during communication with person of black origin can be a barrier to communication since the term is open to different interpretation. Therefore, racially oriented form of communication acts as a barrier to effective communication. Homophobic language has been cited as one of the barriers to effective communication. Homophobic language refers to use of homosexual orientation language during communication (Kadushin 44-49). One of the most commonly used homophobic term is â€Å"That’s so gay.† The reason use of such homophobic language is a barrier to communication is that it is open to infinite interpretation by the other party. For instance, â€Å"your phone is so gay!† could be interpreted to mean the phone is bad or good by different people. The same phrase could also sound offensive to a gay person causing a barrier to effective communication. Sexist way of communication on the other hand tends to discriminate one gender during communication. For instance, talking to a gender balanced audience in a way insinuating everybody is male can be termed as sexist language. A good example is using the term congressman to refer to the person holding the congress title without considering that it could be a lady. Such kind of communication gives the wrong message to the parties involved hence causing a barrier to effective communication. Conclusively, effective communication calls for articulate consideration of gender, race, sex, professional, and other types of diversities. It is important for the communicator to understand the context in which the communication is made in order to eliminate these barriers to